Storage Resource Library

NARUC has developed a list of resources divided into key topic areas to enable further learning on energy storage challenges, potential solutions, and technologies. The resource library was developed through the consultation of federal partners, national laboratories, and NARUC members. The library is not comprehensive and is intended to grow and develop with changes in the energy storage technology and policy landscape. The links included below are provided to share relevant resources but are not endorsed by NARUC or its members. If you have any recommendations for resources to add or remove, please contact Jeff Loiter.  

Table 1: Resource Library Topic Areas

	Topic Area	Subtopics
1	General/Policy Analysis
2	Planning/Regulatory	Behind-The-Meter Adoption Cost Valuing Benefits/Cost-Benefit Analyses Compensation Transmission and Distribution Coordination Distribution BPS/Transmission Resource Adequacy and Reliability Interconnection (Distribution and Transmission) Equity
3	Technologies	Overview Long Duration Energy Storage Shorter Duration Energy Storage Reuse/Recycling
4	Siting
5	Safety
6	State Examples	California Illinois Sandia National Laboratories Webinar Series (2020-2022)
7	Use Cases	Resilience Microgrids
8	Federal/National Policies and Examples

Topic 1 – General/Policy Analysis

• DOE. “2023 DOE Office of Electricity Energy Storage Program Peer Review.” Sandia National Laboratories and Department of Energy. February 2024.
  • Collection of presentations and papers from researchers across the DOE landscape – national laboratories, industry, government, and academia – to share the latest research in energy storage, development, and application.
• GAO. “Utility-Scale Energy Storage: Technologies and Challenges for an Evolving Grid.” U.S. Government Accountability Office. March 2023.
  • Overview of different utility-scale energy storage technologies, challenges to their use on the electricity system, and policy approaches to address those challenges.
• McNamara, Will, Passell, Howard, and Todd Olinsky-Paul. “States Energy Storage Policy: Best Practices for Decarbonization.” Clean Energy States Alliance and Sandia National Laboratories. February 2023.
  • Survey of states and energy storage developers on decarbonization goals and programs, key state energy storage policy priorities, and challenges with implementation, including case studies from states leading in decarbonization efforts. 
• EIA: “Electricity explained: Energy storage for electricity generation.” U.S. Energy Information Administration. 2022. Updated August 2023.
  • Overview of energy storage, types of energy storage technologies and technology deployment in the U.S., and benefits of energy storage.
• DOE. “Global Energy Storage Database.” U.S. Department of Energy. September 2021.  
  • Database providing information on grid-connected energy storage projects and state and federal energy storage policies.
• Andersen, Glen, Shields, Laura, and Jeremy Twitchell. “Energy Storage for a Modern Electric Grid: Technology Trends and State Policy Options.” NCSL and PNNL. September 2021.
  • Primer to assist state lawmakers in understanding how energy storage technologies work, their benefits, current legal and regulatory barriers to adoption, and policy options for addressing barriers.
• Twitchell, Jeremy. “A Review of State-Level Policies on Electrical Energy Storage.” Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. April 2019.
• Overview of different state policy approaches to encourage energy storage adoption or reduce barriers to energy storage

 

Topic 2 – Planning/Regulatory

Behind-The-Meter Adoption

• PNNL. “Equitable Design of Behind-The-Meter Energy Storage Programs: A Customer Perspective.” Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. November 2022.
  • This paper evaluates approaches to energy storage procurements from a customer perspective and approaches to structuring behind-the-meter programs for equitable outcomes.
• McNamara, Will. “Policy ‘Deep Dives’: Net Metering and BTM Ownership Models.” Sandia National Laboratories. November 2022.
  • Presentation on different ownership models for energy storage (including BTM storage).
• Cook, Jeffrey, Xu, Kaifeng, Jena, Sushmita, Sana Qasim, Minahil, and Jenna Harmon. “Check the Storage Stack: Comparing Behind-The-Meter Energy Storage State Policy Stacks in the United States.” National Renewable Energy Laboratory. August 2022.  
  • Evaluates different states “policy stacking”, which involves the sequencing or “stack” or market preparation, market creation, and storage expansionary policies adopted by a state to better achieve deployment goals, for BTM storage.
• Bowen, Thomas and Carishma Gokhale-Welch. “Behind-The-Meter Battery Energy Storage.” National Renewable Energy Laboratory. August 2021.
  • Introductory, Frequency-Asked-Questions about Behind-The-Meter (BTM) Energy Storage, safety considerations, benefits, challenges, and approaches for policy decision-makers to encourage BTM storage adoption.
• McNamara, Will. “Issue Brief: State Level Incentives for BTM Storage.” Sandia National Laboratories. October 2020.
  • Brief detailing five state-level incentive programs for BTM energy storage systems.
• Zinaman, Owen, Bowen, Thomas, and Alexandra Aznar. “An Overview of Behind-The-Meter Solar-Plus-Storage Regulatory Design: Approaches and Case Studies to Inform International Applications.” National Renewable Energy Laboratory. March 2020.
  • Offers regulatory considerations for facilitating solar-plus-storage programs and provides examples of how states are addressing regulatory issues around solar-plus-storage programs.
• NREL. “Identifying Potential Markets for Behind-The-Meter Battery Energy Storage: A Survey of U.S. Demand Charges.” National Renewable Energy Laboratory. August 2017.
  • 2017 Survey of demand charges across the country, which can indicate a market opportunity for BTM Storage.

Cost

• Viswanathan, Vilayanur, Mongird, Kendall, Franks, Ryan, Li, Xiaolin, Sprenkle, Vincent, and Richard Baxter. “2022 Grid Energy Storage Technology Cost and Performance Assessment.” Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and Mustang Prairie Energy. August 2022.
  • Document comparing the various energy storage technologies’ costs and performance.
• PNNL. “Energy Storage Grand Challenge Cost and Performance Database.” Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.
  • Database and report catalog of recent cost and performance parameters for energy storage technologies.
• Olinsky-Paul, Todd. “Energy Storage Policy Best Practices from New England: Ten Lessons from Six States.” Clean Energy Group and Clean Energy States Alliance. August 2021.
  • Presents best practices and lessons learned from six New England states in developing energy storage markets.
• EIA. “Battery Storage in the United States: An Update on Market Trends.” Energy Information Administration. August 2021.
  • Report providing data on trends in battery storage installations in the U.S. through 2019. Update likely coming in 2024.
• Barbose, Galen, Elmallah, Salma, and Will Gorman. “Behind-The-Meter Solar+Storage: Market Data and Trends.” Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. July 2021.
  • Provides overview and analysis of market trends for grid-connected residential and non-residential BTM solar+storage systems. Includes shorter factsheet.
• Darghouth, Naïm, Barbose, Galen, Zuboy, Jarett, Gagnon, Pieter, Mills, Andrew, and Lori Bird. “Demand charge savings from solar PV and energy storage.” Energy Policy. August 2020.
  • This paper examines the demand charge savings from solar PV for a variety of scenarios.

Valuing Benefits/Cost-Benefit Analyses:

• Applied Economics Clinic. “Energy Storage Benefit-Cost Analysis: A Framework for State Energy Programs.” Clean Energy States Alliance. December 2022.
  • Framework for a benefit-cost analysis of battery storage systems.
• Siberry, Vinod, Wu, Di, Wang, Dexin, and Xu Ma. “Energy Storage Valuation: A Review of Use Cases and Modeling Tools.” Department of Energy. June 2022.
  • Overview three use case families for storage (“Facilitating an Evolving Grid”, “Critical Services”, and “Facility Flexibility, Efficiency, and Value Enhancement: Commercial and Residential Buildings”) and storage valuation models that best suit those categories.
• PNNL and DOE. “Model Selection Platform.” Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and Department of Energy.
  • Online platform that compares energy storage tools developed at DOE’s national laboratories and helps users identify the most suitable valuation tool for their need.
• Koritarov, V. et al. “Pumped Storage Hydropower Valuation Guidebook: A Cost-Benefit and Decision Analysis Valuation Framework.” Argonne National Laboratory. March 2021.
  • Presents a valuation framework and cost-benefit analysis approach for pumped storage hydropower, which is generally applicable to LDES.
  • In addition, there is an online valuation tool available to utilize the methodology in a simplified fashion and identify needs for a deeper analysis.
• Balducci, P. et al. “Washington Clean Energy Fund Grid Modernization Projects: Economic Analysis.” Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. October 2020.
  • Evaluation of economic and technical performance of battery energy storage projects funded by Washington State’s Clean Energy Fund.
• Balducci, Patrick, Alam, M. Jan, Hardy, Trevor, and Di Wu. “Assigning value to energy storage systems at multiple points in an electrical grid.” Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. 2018.
  • Presents taxonomy for assigning benefits provided by energy storage systems, defines approaches for monetizing value to storage services, define ranges of values to storage applications, and summarizes and evaluates existing (at the time) valuation tools.  

Compensation

• Bhatnagar, D. et al. “Compensation Mechanisms for Long-Duration Energy Storage.” Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. August 2022.
  • Details indicators for LDES needs as well as compensation and business models for LDES from around the world.
• Forrester, Sydney, Barbose, Galen, and Cesca Miller. “Private vs. public value of U.S. residential battery storage operated for solar self-consumption.” Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. July 2022.
  • Study highlighting how current compensation structures may create a value gap between private solar plus storage owners and the larger public; altering compensation structures may lead to public and private value.

Transmission and Distribution Coordination

• Distribution
  • Twitchell, Jeremy and Alan Cooke. “Emerging Best Practices for Modeling Energy Storage in Integrated Resource Plans: An overview and a comparison.” Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. December 2021.
    • Best practices (as of 2021) for modeling energy storage into IRPs.
  • Carvallo, Juan Pablo, Bieler, Stephanie, Collins, Myles, Mueller, Joscha, Gehbauer, Christoph, Gotham, Douglas, and Peter Larsen. “A framework to measure the technical, economic, and rate impacts of distributed solar, electric vehicles, and storage.” Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. June 2021.
    • Analysis of the estimated generation, transmission, and distribution expansion and costs driven by DERs that could be deployed across the power system.
  • Miller, Cesca, Mims Frick, Natalie, Carvallo, Juan Pablo, Eckman, Tom, and Lisa Schwartz. “Utility-Scale and Distributed Storage in Integrated Resource Plans: A Comparison of Plans for Indiana and Other States.” Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. May 2021.
    • Comparison of utility assumptions and methodologies for incorporating utility-scale and distributed energy storage in IRPs across eight utilities.
  • Twitchell, J.B., Newman, S.F., O’Neil, R.S., and M.T. McDonnell. “Planning Considerations for Energy Storage in Resilience Applications.” Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. March 2020.
    • Report covering proceedings and lessons learned from a conference workshop that explored the role of energy storage in supporting electric system resilience.
  • Cooke, A.L., Twitchell, J.B., and R.S. O’Neil. “Energy Storage in Integrated Resource Plans.” Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. May 2019.
    • Review of how battery energy storage and pumped storage hydro are treated by utilities and load serving entities in resource planning.
• BPS/Transmission
  • Bhatnagar, Dhruv. “Webinar: Capacity Expansion Planning: The Role of Long Duration Energy Storage.” Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. August 2022.
    • Webinar considering the deployment of LDES resources using a capacity expansion model to meet clean energy needs.
  • Twitchell, J.B., Bhatnagar, D., Barrows, S.E., and K. Mongird. “Enabling Principles for Dual Participation by Energy Storage as a Transmission and Market Asset.” Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. February 2022
    • Explores technical barriers in transmission planning and market design that prevent the use of storage as both a transmission and market asset, principles that a dual-use energy storage project must fulfill to achieve both, and potential policy options.
• Resource Adequacy & Reliability
  • Stark, Greg, Dhulipala, Sula, and Greg Brinkman. “Storage Effectiveness in Enabling Variable Generation and Avoiding Fossil Emissions.” National Renewable Energy Laboratory. September 2023.
  • Paper presenting a rule-of-thumb methodology that investigates the role of storage in integrating variable renewable generation for 2-, 6-, and 10-hour storage.
  • McNamara, Will. “Issue Brief: Energy Storage to Replace Peaker Plants.” Sandia National Laboratories. November 2020.
    • Short brief detailing the opportunity for energy storage systems to replace peaker plants.
• SNL. “Issue Brief: Energy Storage and Resource Adequacy.” Sandia National Laboratories. September 2020.
  • Brief summarizing policy and operational considerations when considering the relationship between resource adequacy and energy storage.

Interconnection (Distribution and Transmission)

• Boff, Daniel and Sarah Barrows. “Waiting in Queue: A Historical Evaluation of Interconnection Policy.” Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. June 2023. >Waiting in Queue: A Historical Evaluation of Interconnection Policy.” Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. June 2023.
  • Evaluation of two state-level interconnection reforms (New York and Massachusetts), with a portion of the report focused on the impact of these reforms on queue wait times.
• The Storage Interconnection Committee. “Toolkit & Guidance for the Interconnection of Energy Storage & Solar-Plus-Storage.” Interstate Renewable Energy Council. May 2022.
  • Toolkit focused on overcoming eight barriers to energy storage interconnection.
• McLaren, Joyce, Abraham, Sherin, Darghouth, Naïm, and Sydney Forrester. “Use of Operating Agreements and Energy Storage to Reduce Photovoltaic Interconnection Costs: Technical and Economic Analysis.” Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. March 2022.
  • Analysis exploring the potential value that battery storage could add to storage projects to reduce distribution upgrade costs and optimize solar hosting capacity.

Equity

• Kerby, Jessica, Hardy, Trevor, Twitchell, Jeremy, O’Neil, Rebecca, and Bethel Tarekegne. “A targeted approach to energy burden reduction measures: Comparing the effects of energy storage, rooftop solar, weatherization, and energy efficiency upgrades.” Energy Policy. 2024.
  • Study examining responses to energy burden reduction measures in a simulated environment, finding that energy storage provided the most consistent bill savings.
• McNamara, Will, Passell, Howard, Montes, Marisa, Jeffers, Robert, and Imre Gyuk. “Seeking energy equity through energy storage.” The Electricity Journal. December 2021.
  • Paper exploring how energy storage can help provide energy equity to all populations.
• Tarekegne, Bethel, O’Neil, Rebecca, and Jeremy Twitchell. “Energy Storage and Power Plant Decommissioning.” Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. October 2021.
  • Report discussing how strategic integration of energy storage in power plant decommissioning plans can mitigate negative effects while providing energy system, environmental, and society co-benefits.
• Tarekegne, Bethel, O’Neil, Rebecca, and Jeremy Twitchell. “Energy Storage as an Equity Asset.” Current Sustainable Renewable Energy Reports. May 2021.
  • Discussion of how energy storage deployment could be used to advance equitable outcomes for the power system. Includes a discussion on the equity dimensions of storage project design and implementations.

 

Topic 3 – Technologies

Overview

• Advanced Energy United. “This is Advanced Energy.” Advanced Energy United. 2016. 
  • Comprehensive overview of electricity-generating and electricity-adjacent technologies, including storage technologies.
• SNL and DOE. “U.S. DOE Energy Storage Handbook.” Sandia National Laboratories and Department of Energy.
  • Overview of the fundamental concepts and applications of grid-level energy storage systems.

Long Duration Energy Storage

• SNL. “The National Consortium for the Advancement of Long Duration Energy Storage Technologies.” Sandia National Laboratories.
  • Collection of resources around long-duration energy storage.
• National Renewable Energy Laboratory. “Storage Futures Study.” National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
  • Initiative with multiple publications examining the role and impact of energy storage on the power sector.
• Long Duration Energy Council. “Reports & Research.” Long Duration Energy Council.
  • Non profit focused on the deployment of LDES, with various resources/reports on LDES deployment.
• DOE. “Storage Innovations 2030.” Department of Energy. 2023.
  • Series of technical reports exploring promising research, development, and demonstration pathways to lower the costs of long-duration energy storage.
    • Methodology Report
    • Lithium-ion Batteries Technology Strategy Assessment
    • Lead-acid Batteries Technology Strategy Assessment
    • Flow Batteries Technology Strategy Assessment
    • Zinc Batteries Technology Strategy Assessment
    • Sodium Batteries Technology Strategy Assessment
    • Pumped Storage Hydropower Technology Strategy Assessment
    • Compressed-Air Energy Storage Technology Strategy Assessment
    • Thermal Energy Storage Technology Strategy Assessment
    • Supercapacitors Technology Strategy Assessment
    • Hydrogen Storage Technology Strategy Assessment
• Twitchell, Jeremy. “Laying the Groundwork for Long-Duration Energy Storage.” Bulletin of Atomic Scientists. November 2023.
  • Identifies specific planning and procurement reforms needed to facilitate LDES development.
• Twitchell, Jeremy, DeSomber, Kyle, and Dhruv Bhatnagar. “Defining Long-Duration Energy Storage.” Journal of Energy Storage. April 2023.
  • Analysis which shows the need for LDES in a grid with increased amounts of variable renewable energy and makes a case for detailed long-term planning that sends clearer investment signals for LDES.
• DOE. “Pathways to Commercial Liftoff: Long Duration Energy Storage.” Department of Energy. March 2023.
  • Report detailing the types of projects, customers, and policy/regulatory conditions that will favor a rapid scale-up of LDES.
• McNamara, Will. “Issue Brief: Long-Duration Energy Storage.” Sandia National Laboratories. January 2021.
  • Issue brief on LDES, including current (as of 2021) technologies, policy barriers, and potential applications.

Shorter Duration Energy Storage

• Prefer, Yuliya, Torres-Castro, Loraine, and Jim McDowall. “U.S. DOE Energy Storage Handbook: Chapter 3 – Lithium-Ion Batteries.” Sandia National Laboratories and Saft America, Inc.
  • Overview of the design and operating principles of Lithium-ion batteries.
• Cole, Wesley and Akash Karmakar. “Cost Projections for Utility-Scale Battery Storage: 2023 Update.” National Renewable Energy Laboratory. June 2023.
  • Paper describing the development of cost and performance projections for utility-scale lithium-ion battery systems with a focus on 4-hour duration systems.
  • Hede, Karyn. “Longer Lasting Sodium-Ion Batteries on the Horizon.” Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. July 2022.
  • Article on recent advances in sodium-ion battery design.

Reuse/Recycling

• Recell Center. “ReCell: Advanced Battery Recycling.” Department of Energy. 
  • Website dedicated to a national collaboration of industry, academia, and national laboratories to advance recycling technologies along the battery life-cycle.

 

Topic 4 – Siting

• Twitchell, Jeremy, Powell, Devyn, and Matthew Paiss. “Energy Storage in Local Zoning Ordinances.” Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. October 2023.
  • Provides overview of battery storage systems from a land-use perspective and describes their implications for zoning and project permitting. Also includes analysis of current energy storage zoning standards adopted by local jurisdictions in the U.S.
• Watson, Kevin. “Best Practices and Considerations for Siting Battery Storage Systems.” Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. May 2022.
  • Guided questions detailing best practices for siting battery storage systems.  
• New York State Energy Research and Development Authority. “New York State Battery Energy Storage System Guidebook.” NYSERDA. December 2020.
  • Guidebook containing information, tools, and step-by-step instructions to help local governments manage battery energy storage system development in their communities.

 

Topic 5 – Safety

• American Clean Power. “Battery Energy Storage Safety.” American Clean Power. July 2023.
  • Frequently asked questions on battery energy storage system safety.
• American Clean Power. “First Responders Guide to Lithium-Ion Battery Energy Storage System Incidents.” American Clean Power. July 2023.
  • Guide for first-responders when responding to safety incidents involving lithium-ion battery energy storage systems.
• Geronimo Aydin, Mariko and Cevat Onur Aydin (Lumen Energy Strategy, LLC). “California Public Utilities Commission Energy Storage Procurement Study, Attachment F: Safety Best Practices.” California Public Utilities Commission. May 2023.
  • Attachment from CPUC Energy Storage Procurement Study detailing key energy storage safety issues, current best practices, and remaining concerns and next steps.

 

Topic 6 – State Examples

California

• E3, Form Energy, and CEC. “Assessing the Value of Long-Duration Energy Storage in California.” Energy and Environmental Economics, Form Energy, and the California Energy Commission. December 2023.
• Geronimo Aydin, Mariko and Cevat Onur Aydin (Lumen Energy Strategy, LLC). “California Public Utilities Commission Energy Storage Procurement Study.” California Public Utilities Commission. May 2023.

Illinois

• Illinois Commerce Commission. “Energy Storage Program Report.” Illinois Commerce Commission. May 2022.
• Sandia National Laboratories. “Illinois Energy Storage Webinar Series.” Illinois Commerce Commission. 2021-2022.

Sandia National Laboratories Webinar Series (2020 – 2022)

• New Mexico: Webinars focused on energy storage for meeting peak load and generation and transmission deferral, the programs, policies, and carbon impacts of energy storage, and use applications, including resilience.
• New Jersey: Webinars included an introduction to energy storage systems, economics, and policy, the role of electricity delivery companies and private markets in energy storage, energy storage economics, valuation, and cost benefit analyses, and the role of energy storage in overburdened communities, peak shaving, and peaker replacement.
• Wisconsin: Webinar series included introductory information on energy storage, energy storage economics, programs, policies, and carbon impacts of energy storage, engineering details, policy issues and equity, and new technologies other than Lithium-Ion.
• Washington, D.C.: Webinar series included information on BCAs, Interconnection & Safety, Equity, Policy, and Energy Storage Second Life.
• Vermont: Webinar series included information on installation and operation of energy storage facilities, energy storage aggregation, and neighbor state implementation and marketization.
• Hawaii: Webinar series included information on emerging energy storage technologies and applications, equity, resilience, and policy, energy storage valuation modeling, and case studies of deployed energy storage technologies.
• NECPUC: Webinar series included information on decarbonization and energy storage, the value of storage, storage interconnection, codes, and standards, federal and regional storage issues, best practices and equity, and a regional roundtable of storage policy in Northeastern states.

 

Topic 7 – Use Cases 

Resilience

• Gorman, Will, Barbose, Galen, Miller, Cesca, Carvallo, Juan Pablo, Baik, Sunhee, and Philip White. “Solar+Storage for Household Back-up Power: Implications of building efficiency, load flexibility, and electrification for backup during long-duration power interruptions.” Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. November 2023.
  • Study analyzing the evolving role of solar+storage for home backup power during long-duration power interruptions, particularly focused on how storage sizing is impacted by increased home efficiency, flexibility, and electrification.
• Baik, Sunhee, Barbose, Galen, Carvallo, Juan Pablo, Miller, Cesca, Gorman, Will, and Michael Spears. “Backup Power Performance of Solar-plus-Storage Systems during Routine Power Interruptions: A Case Study Application of Berkeley Lab’s PRESTO Model.” Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. October 2023.
  • Technical brief estimating the expected performance of a solar photovoltaic and energy storage system for providing backup power during short-duration power interruption events using the Power Reliability Event Simulation Tool (PRESTO).
• Gorman, Will, Barbose, Galen, Carvallo, Juan Pablo, Baik, Sunhee, Miller, Cesca, White, Philip, and Marlena Prapost. “County-level assessment of behind-the-meter solar and storage to mitigate long duration power interruptions for residential customers.” Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. July 2023.
  • Paper exploring a methodology to model the performance of behind-the-meter solar-plus-storage to provide backup power across a range of customer types, geography and climate conditions, and long duration power interruption scenarios.
  • See a previous study exploring similar concepts here.
• SNL. “Microgrids and Energy Storage for Emergency Grid Resilience Webinar Series.” Sandia National Laboratories. 2021-2022.
  • Webinar series included information on stakeholder needs, microgrid and energy storage applications for resilience and energy equity, microgrid and energy storage applications for emergency grid resilience policy and regulatory topics, and engineering challenges

Microgrids

• SNL. “Microgrids and Energy Storage for Emergency Grid Resilience Webinar Series.” Sandia National Laboratories. 2021-2022.
  • Webinar series included information on stakeholder needs, microgrid and energy storage applications for resilience and energy equity, microgrid and energy storage applications for emergency grid resilience policy and regulatory topics, and engineering challenges

 

Topic 8 – Federal/National Policies and Examples

• DOE. “Energy Storage Grand Challenge Roadmap.” Department of Energy. 2020.
  • DOE’s comprehensive energy storage strategy, which details approaches to accelerate the transition of technologies from laboratories to the marketplace, focuses on ways to competitively manufacture technologies at scale in the U.S., and strategizes approaches to secure supply chains to enable domestic manufacturing.
• FERC. “Electric Storage Participation in Markets Operated by Regional Transmission Organizations and Independent System Operators, Order 841.” Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. February 2018.
• Order centered around removing barriers to the participation of energy storage resources in capacity, energy, and ancillary services markets.